□ 向家祥 1 读短文，答问题 In 2005, Tanya Pinto was a successful young businesswoman in Dallas, Texas. But she decided to take three months off from work at an advertising company to visit her birthplace, India. She volunteered at Mother Teresa's home for orphans in Kolkata. She also traveled, and saw children in great need. “And that experience was life changing. And that's why I decided to start a charity.” She returned to her job in Texas and began Baal Dan Charities. In Hindi, the name means “child donation.”India has an estimated eighteen million poor children. Some charity workers say the conditions on the streets are, if anything, worse than those shown in the film “Slumdog Millionaire(《贫民富翁》).”Many children depend on international charity projects like Baal Dan. At first, Tanya Pinto started her project with small donations from friends and co-workers. Baal Dan provided street children with clothes. Today, the organization gives money to orphanages, schools and local projects. The money is spent on food, medicine, schoolbooks and some education. The work is centered in Kolkata, Hyderabad and Kerala province. Today, Baal Dan has other financial supporters in the United States. People organize events to raise money. A restaurant in Dallas donates money whenever anyone orders “Tacos for a Cause.” In the next several years, Tanya Pinto hopes to begin sponsoring an orphanage. “I will take the children on an outing as well. I will take them to the zoo or to the park. And so I'll do things that are really fun activities, because these are children who are living in unimaginable poverty. So I like to bring some fun into their lives.” She talks about a trip when she visited a care center operated by a local group that her charity has helped. Two boys recognized her. They had met her at a shelter at a railway station the year before. The children, she says, were rescued from the streets and were doing well. Tanya Pinto says even if you are not a celebrity, if you are not rich, if you are not famous, you can do something to help make this world a better place. 请根据文章内容，按要求回答下面的问题： 1. What is Baal Dan？ 2. How did Tanya Pinto help the poor kids in India at the beginning？ 3. Think of a proper expresssions to describe Tanya Pinto. 问题答案： 1. It is a charity project. 2. She offered clothes to them. 3. Full of love. 2 读短文，学语法 （一）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 定语从句分为: 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。怎么区分？非限制性定语从句前面有逗号。 1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。如：I was the only person in our office who was invited. 2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能用that引导。如：Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night. （二）使用定语从句时要特别注意的几个问题: 1、that与which的区别。 （1）用that而不用which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing…；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。 There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。 Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。 （2）用which而不用that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句；②代表整个主句的意思；③介词+关系代词。 He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。 This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。 一句话语法: 逗号后/介词后使用which，其它用that一定不会错。 （3）as引导定语从句时的用法 ①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such …as结构中。 I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。 ②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。 As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。 （4）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别 ①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。 He made a long speech, as we expected. He made a long speech, which was unexpected. ②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。 Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all. 一句话语法: as 用法：固定结构中，比如such… as、so…as to…；如果句子译成正如……一样,一定使用as. 2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。 The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。 一句话语法: 看这个例子, who 指代的是哪个, the man, 所以只能是who lives. 3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。 There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand. 4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。 October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded. which 在从句中做on的宾语，宾语有两个，一个是动词宾语，另一个是介词宾语。再看下面这个例子： October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。 The sick man whom she is looking after is her father. 6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。 The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.